# mveeda

mveeda monitors Minimum volume ellipsoid for a series of values of bdp

## Syntax

• RAW=mveeda(Y)example
• RAW=mveeda(Y,Name,Value)example
• [RAW,REW]=mveeda(___)example
• [RAW,REW,varargout]=mveeda(___)example

## Description

 RAW =mveeda(Y) mveeda with all default options.

 RAW =mveeda(Y, Name, Value) mveeda with optional arguments.

 [RAW, REW] =mveeda(___) mve monitoring the reweighted estimates.

 [RAW, REW, varargout] =mveeda(___) mve monitoring the extracted subsamples.

## Examples

expand all

### mveeda with all default options.

    n=200;
v=3;
randn('state', 123456);
Y=randn(n,v);
% Contaminated data
Ycont=Y;
Ycont(1:5,:)=Ycont(1:5,:)+5;
RAW=mveeda(Ycont);


### mveeda with optional arguments.

    n=200;
v=3;
randn('state', 123456);
Y=randn(n,v);
% Contaminated data
Ycont=Y;
Ycont(1:5,:)=Ycont(1:5,:)+5;
RAW=mveeda(Ycont,'plots',1,'msg',0);


### mve monitoring the reweighted estimates.

    n=200;
v=3;
randn('state', 123456);
Y=randn(n,v);
% Contaminated data
Ycont=Y;
Ycont(1:5,:)=Ycont(1:5,:)+3;
[RAW,REW]=mveeda(Ycont);


### mve monitoring the extracted subsamples.

    n=200;
v=3;
randn('state', 123456);
Y=randn(n,v);
% Contaminated data
Ycont=Y;
Ycont(1:5,:)=Ycont(1:5,:)+3;
[RAW,REW,C]=mveeda(Ycont);

Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.53 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.56 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.53 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.51 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.57 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.56 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.56 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.53 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds
Total estimated time to complete MVE:  0.52 seconds


## Input Arguments

### Y — Input data. Matrix.

n x v data matrix; n observations and v variables. Rows of Y represent observations, and columns represent variables.

Missing values (NaN's) and infinite values (Inf's) are allowed, since observations (rows) with missing or infinite values will automatically be excluded from the computations.

Data Types: single|double

### Name-Value Pair Arguments

Specify optional comma-separated pairs of Name,Value arguments. Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name must appear inside single quotes (' '). You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as  Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN.

Example:  'bdp',[0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1] , 'nsamp',10000 , 'refsteps',0 , 'reftol',1e-8 , 'conflev',0.99 , 'nocheck',1 , 'plots',1 , 'msg',1 , 'ysaveRAW',1 , 'ysaveREW',1 

### bdp —breakdown point.scalar | vector.

It measures the fraction of outliers the algorithm should resist. In this case any value greater than 0 but smaller or equal than 0.5 will do fine.

The default value of bdp is a sequence from 0.5 to 0.01 with step 0.01

Example:  'bdp',[0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1] 

Data Types: double

### nsamp —Number of subsamples.scalar.

Number of subsamples of size v which have to be extracted (if not given, default = 500).

Example:  'nsamp',10000 

Data Types: double

### refsteps —Number of refining iterations.scalar.

Number of refining iterationsin each subsample (default = 3).

refsteps = 0 means "raw-subsampling" without iterations.

Example:  'refsteps',0 

Data Types: single | double

### reftol —scalar.default value of tolerance for the refining steps.

The default value is 1e-6;

Example:  'reftol',1e-8 

Data Types: single | double

### conflev —Confidence level.scalar.

Number between 0 and 1 containing confidence level which is used to declare units as outliers.

Usually conflev=0.95, 0.975 0.99 (individual alpha) or 1-0.05/n, 1-0.025/n, 1-0.01/n (simultaneous alpha).

Default value is 0.975

Example:  'conflev',0.99 

Data Types: double

### nocheck —Scalar.if nocheck is equal to 1 no check is performed on matrix Y.

As default nocheck=0.

Example:  'nocheck',1 

Data Types: double

### plots —Plot on the screen.scalar | structure.

If plots is a structure or scalar equal to 1, generates:

(1) a plot of Mahalanobis distances against index number. The confidence level used to draw the confidence bands for the MD is given by the input option conflev. If conflev is not specified a nominal 0.975 confidence interval will be used.

(2) a scatter plot matrix with the outliers highlighted.

If plots is a structure it may contain the following fields

Value Description
labeladd

if this option is '1', the outliers in the spm are labelled with their unit row index. The default value is labeladd='', i.e. no label is added.

nameY

cell array of strings containing the labels of the variables. As default value, the labels which are added are Y1, ...Yv.

Example:  'plots',1 

Data Types: double or structure

### msg —scalar.display | not messages on the screen.

If msg==1 (default) messages are displayed on the screen about estimated time to compute the final estimator else no message is displayed on the screen.

Example:  'msg',1 

Data Types: double

### ysaveRAW —scalar that is set to 1 to request that the data matrix Y is saved into the output structure RAW.this feature is meant at simplifying the use of function malindexplot.

Default is 0, i.e. no saving is done.

Example:  'ysaveRAW',1 

Data Types: double

### ysaveREW —scalar that is set to 1 to request that the data matrix Y is saved into the output structure REW.this feature is meant at simplifying the use of function malindexplot.

Default is 0, i.e. no saving is done.

Example:  'ysaveREW',1 

Data Types: double

## Output Arguments

### RAW — description Structure

Structure which contains the following fields

Value Description
Loc

length(bdp)-by-v matrix containing estimate of location for each value of bdp

Cov

v-by-v-by-length(bdp) 3D array containing robust estimate of covariance matrix for each value of bdp

Bs

(v+1)-by-length(bdp) matrix containing the units forming best subset for each value of bdp

MAL

n x length(bdp) matrix containing the estimates of the robust Mahalanobis distances (in squared units) for each value of bdp

Outliers

n x length(bdp) matrix. Boolean matrix containing the list of the units declared as outliers for each value of bdp using confidence level specified in input scalar conflev

conflev

Confidence level that was used to declare outliers

singsub

Number of subsets without full rank. Notice that out.singsub > 0.1*(number of subsamples) produces a warning

Weights

n x 1 vector containing the estimates of the weights.

These weights determine which are the h observations which have been used to compute the final MVE estimates.

bdp

vector which contains the values of bdp which have been used

h

vector. Number of observations which have determined MVE for each value of bdp.

Y

Data matrix Y.

class

'mveeda'. This is the string which identifies the class of the estimator

### REW — description Structure

Structure which contains the following fields:

Value Description
loc

The robust location of the data, obtained after reweighting, if the RAW.cov is not singular. Otherwise the raw MVE center is given here.

cov

The robust covariance matrix, obtained after reweighting and multiplying with a finite sample correction factor and an asymptotic consistency factor, if the raw MVE is not singular. Otherwise the raw MVE covariance matrix is given here.

cor

The robust correlation matrix, obtained after reweighting

md

The distance of each observation to the final, reweighted MVE center of the data, relative to the reweighted MVE scatter of the data. These distances allow us to easily identify the outliers. If the reweighted MVE is singular, RAW.md is given here.

outliers

A vector containing the list of the units declared as outliers after reweighting.

Y

Data matrix Y.

class

'mvereda'

### varargout —Indices of the subsamples extracted for computing the estimate. C : matrix of size nsamp-by-v

For each subset $J$ of $v+1$ observations $\mu_J$ and $C_J$ are the centroid and the covariance matrix based on subset $J$.

Rousseeuw and Leroy (RL) (eq. 1.25 chapter 7, p. 259) write the objective function for subset $J$ as

$RL_J=\left( med_{i=1, ..., n} \sqrt{ (y_i -\mu_J)' C_J^{-1} (y_i -\mu_J) } \right)^v \sqrt|C_J|$ Maronna Martin and Yohai (MMY), eq. (6.57), define $\Sigma_J = C_j / |C_j|^{1/v}$ and write the objective function for subset $J$ as $MMY_J = \hat \sigma \left( (y_i -\mu_J)' \Sigma_J^{-1} (y_i -\mu_J) \right) |C_J|^{1/v} = \hat \sigma \left( (y_i -\mu_J)' C_J^{-1} (y_i -\mu_J) \right) |C_J|^{1/v}$

where $\hat \sigma \left( (y_i -\mu_J)' C_J^{-1} (y_i -\mu_J) \right) = med_{i=1, ..., n}(y_i -\mu_J)' C_J^{-1} (y_i -\mu_J)$.

Note that $MMY_J= (RL)^{2/v}$.

To RAW.cov a consistency factor has been applied which is based on chi2inv(1-bdp,v). On the other hand to REW.cov the usual asymptotic consistency factor is applied. In this case we have used the empirical percentage of trimming that is the ratio hemp/n where hemp is the number of units which had a MD smaller than the cutoff level determined by thresh=chi2inv(conflev,v); MD are computed using RAW.loc and RAW.cov.

The mve method is intended for continuous variables, and assumes that the number of observations n is at least 5 times the number of variables v.

## References

Rousseeuw, P.J. (1984), "Least Median of Squares Regression", Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 79, pp. 871-881.

Rousseeuw, P.J. and Leroy A.M. (1987), Robust regression and outlier detection, Wiley New York.

## Acknowledgements

This function follows the lines of MATLAB/R code developed during the years by many authors.

For more details seehttp://www.econ.kuleuven.be/public/NDBAE06/programs/ and the R library robustbasehttp://robustbase.r-forge.r-project.org// The core of these routines, e.g. the resampling approach, however, has been completely redesigned, with considerable increase of the computational performance.